Geographical Information Systems – Overview -- GIS have been defined as ‘automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data’ (Clarke, 1995,p13). GIS can be used for any area or application that depends largely on geographic data ie. data that is geographically referenced or is ‘mappable’. As the scope is quite wide it is not surprising that there are many definitions as well as many acronyms (LIS, NRIS, AM/FM etc) which cover the field referred to as GIS related technologies .
Geographical Information Systems – Overview -- GIS has its origins in Geography, Cartography, Surveying and Computer Science – disciplines which deal with various aspects of geography and the associated geographic data. Its rapid development and widespread adoption over the past decade has been influenced very strongly by developments in computing in general eg. higher performance, lower cost, easier to use hardware and software and the continuous enhancement of the application capabilities of software
Over time GIS applications have become more sophisticated – changing from earlier static inventory type applications (basically, electronic versions of atlases or manual procedures) to current real time decision-support type management applications.
Topic structure
• GIS defined
• GIS applications
• GIS development
• GIS components
• Sources of information on GIS
General Definition
“A system of hardware, software, data, people, organisations and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analysing and disseminating information about areas of the earth (Dueker & Kjerne 1989:7-8
Definition Of Gis
“The organized activity by which people:
• Measure aspects of geographic phenomena and processes
• Represent these measurements, usually in the form of a computer database, to emphasize spatial themes, entities and relationships
• Operate upon these representations to produce more measurements and to discover new relationships by integrating disparate sources
• Transform these representations to conform to other frameworks of entities and relationships”
( Chrisman 1997:5)
A GIS as a Toolbox
"a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes. This set of tools constitutes a GIS." (Burrough, 1986:6).
Or
“tools that allow for the processing of spatial data into information, generally information tied explicitly to, and used to make decisions about, some portion of the earth.” (DeMers 1999:7)
GIS Defined by Function
“… automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data.”
(Clarke, 1995: 13).
GIS as an Information System
"An information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates … a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working with the data" (Star and Estes, 1990, p. 2).
Duecker's (1979:20) definition has survived the test of time
"A geographic information system is a special case of information systems where the database consists of observations on spatially distributed features, activities or events, which are definable in space as points, lines, or areas.
A geographic information system manipulates data about these points, lines, and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses" (Duecker, 1979, p 106).
Geographical Information System (GIS) … defined
– A GIS is a computer based system for the management of geographic data.
– Geographic data is any data that is geographically referenced i.e. location known.
– Information implies that data are organized to yield useful knowledge
– System implies GIS is made up of several inter-related and linked components with different functions
Read More..
Saturday, February 7, 2009
MINERALOGY
COPPER-IRON-ZINC ASS EMBLAGES IN VOLCANIC ENVIRONMENTS
Mineralogy -- Major: pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite; in some examples pyrrhotite or Minor: bornite, tetrahedrite, electrum, arsenopyrite, marcasite, cubanite, copper-lead-bismuth-silver-su1fosalts, cassiterite, plus many °the in trace amounts.
Mode of Occurrence -- Massive to disseminated stratiform sulfide ores in volcano-sedimentary quences ranging from ophiolite complexes (Cyprus-type deposits) felsic tuffs, vas and sub sea floor intrusions (Kuroko-type deposits) to mudstones with little immediately associated recognizable volcanic material (Bes-’deposits).
Examples -- Kuroko- and Besshi-type deposits of Japan; Timmins, Ontario; Bathurst, I Brunswick; Sullivan, British Columbia; Flin-Flon, Manitoba-Saskatchewai Noranda, Quebec; Mt. Lyell, Australia; Rio Tinto, Spain; Scandinavian C donides; Avoca, Ireland; Parys Mountain, Wales; Troodos Complex depo Cyprus; Bett’s Cove, Newfoundland; Modern Red Sea and East Pacific Rise deposits.
Mineral Associations and Textures -- The deposits range from ores in thick volcanic sequences such as the F ores of Japan and ores directly associated with a volcanic vent (Vanna L Fiji) to ores associated with ophiolite sequences (Cyprus; Bett’s Cove, I found land) to distal ores that are emplaced in dominantly sedimentary sequences (Besshi deposits of Japan) and sequences containing no recognizable volcanic (Sullivan, British Columbia). They thus grade into ores of the type described in Section 10.7. Tn spite of the different settings in which these ores are found, there are similarities among the ore types observed. Zoning within many of these deposits is recognizable and three major ore types occur; the distribu4 ton of the primary minerals in the Kuroko ores is shown in Figures 10.19 and 10.20. Although the major ore types described in the following are those corn manly observed in the Kuroko deposits, they appear in most or all of the ores of this class with only minor variation. These ores, which appear to grade into the ores described in Section 10.7, have frequently been considered in terms of
Cu-Pb-Zn ratios as shown in Figure 10.21. Plimer (1978) has suggested that a trend in ore-type from Cu-dominant to Zn-dominant to Zn-Pb-dominant corresponds to a progression in time and distance from the volcanic Source (i.e., proximal to distal in nature). Jambor (1979) has enlarged on this theme and proposed a classification of the Bathurst-area (Canada) deposits based on their established or assumed displacement from feeder conduits (proximal versus distal) and position of sulfide crystallization (autochthonous versus allochthonous).
Although the ores of the volcanic deposits are members of a continuum, several specific ore types are observed most commonly; the following is a brief discussion of these ore types.
Pyritic (= Cyprus type) These ores, associated with ophiolite complexes are composed of massive banded to fragmental pyrite with small amounts of interstitial chalcopyrite and other base metal sulfides. The pyrite is present as friable masses of subhedral to euhedral, commonly zoned, grains, as colloform banded masses, and as framboids. Marcasite is admixed• with the pyrite and often appears to have replaced the pyrite. Chalcopyrite occurs as anhedral interstitial grains and as inclusions in the pyrite; sphaleritc occurs similarly but is less abun
•dant. Secondary covellite, digenite, chalcocite, and bornité occur as rims on, and along fractures in, pyrite and chalcopyrite.
Siliceous Ore (==Keiko-type of Kuroko Deposits) These ores apparently rep- resent feeder veins and stock works and consist primarily of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and quartz with only minor amounts of sphalerite, galena, and tetrahedrite. The pyrite occurs as euhedral grains, subhedral granular stringers, and colloform masses. The other minerals are minor and occur as anhedral interstitial grains in pyritic masses and gangue. Scttt (pers. commun., 1980) has noted that a black siliceous ore composed of sphalerite and galena is not uncommon in Kuroko de_ts.
Yellow Ore (=Oko-type of Kuroko Deposits) This ore type is characterized in both hand sample and polished section by the conspicuous yellow color resulting from the presence of chalcopyrite interstitial to the dominant euhedral to anhedral pyrite (Figure 10.22a). Minor amounts of sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, and lead sulfosalts and trace amounts of electrum are dispersed among the major sulfides. In unmetamorphosed bodies, the pyrite is often quite fine (<0.1 mm), but in metamorphosed ores pyrite commonly recrystallizes to form
euhedral grains which are several millimeters across. These ores and the black ores described later commonly exhibit extensively developed clastic textures that apparently formed at the time of ore deposition or immediately thereafter as a result of slumping.
Black Ore (Kuroko-type) The black ores (Figures 10.22b and 7.4c), the most complex of the common volcariogenic ore types, were so named because of the abundant dark sphalerite within them. Galena, barite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and tetrahedrite are common but subsidiary to the sphalerite. Bornite, electrum, lead sulfosalts, argentite, and a variety of silver sulfosalts are customary accessory minerals. The black ores are usually compact and massive but primary sedimentary banding is often visible and brecciated and colloform textures are not uncommon. In ores unmodified by metamorphism, pyrite occurs as framboids, rosettes, colloform bands, and dispersed euhedral to subhedral grains. Pyrite grain size increases during metamorphism but growth zoning is often visible either after conventional polishing or after etching. In polished sections, sphalerite appears as anhedral grains that frequently contain dispersed micron-sized inclusions of chalcopyrite. Barton (1978) has shown, by using doubly polished thin sections in transmitted light (see Figure 2.7) that this “chalcopyrite disease” consists of rods and thin vermicular, myrmekiticlike growths, probably formed through epitaxial growth or replacement. He has also shown the presence of growth-band’g and overgrowth textures in sphalerite and tetrahedrite. During metamorphism, the sphalerite is ccmmon1y recrystallized and homogenized, and the dispersed chalcopyrite is concentrated as grains or rims along sphalerite grain-boundaries.
Mineralogy -- Major: pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite; in some examples pyrrhotite or Minor: bornite, tetrahedrite, electrum, arsenopyrite, marcasite, cubanite, copper-lead-bismuth-silver-su1fosalts, cassiterite, plus many °the in trace amounts.
Mode of Occurrence -- Massive to disseminated stratiform sulfide ores in volcano-sedimentary quences ranging from ophiolite complexes (Cyprus-type deposits) felsic tuffs, vas and sub sea floor intrusions (Kuroko-type deposits) to mudstones with little immediately associated recognizable volcanic material (Bes-’deposits).
Examples -- Kuroko- and Besshi-type deposits of Japan; Timmins, Ontario; Bathurst, I Brunswick; Sullivan, British Columbia; Flin-Flon, Manitoba-Saskatchewai Noranda, Quebec; Mt. Lyell, Australia; Rio Tinto, Spain; Scandinavian C donides; Avoca, Ireland; Parys Mountain, Wales; Troodos Complex depo Cyprus; Bett’s Cove, Newfoundland; Modern Red Sea and East Pacific Rise deposits.
Mineral Associations and Textures -- The deposits range from ores in thick volcanic sequences such as the F ores of Japan and ores directly associated with a volcanic vent (Vanna L Fiji) to ores associated with ophiolite sequences (Cyprus; Bett’s Cove, I found land) to distal ores that are emplaced in dominantly sedimentary sequences (Besshi deposits of Japan) and sequences containing no recognizable volcanic (Sullivan, British Columbia). They thus grade into ores of the type described in Section 10.7. Tn spite of the different settings in which these ores are found, there are similarities among the ore types observed. Zoning within many of these deposits is recognizable and three major ore types occur; the distribu4 ton of the primary minerals in the Kuroko ores is shown in Figures 10.19 and 10.20. Although the major ore types described in the following are those corn manly observed in the Kuroko deposits, they appear in most or all of the ores of this class with only minor variation. These ores, which appear to grade into the ores described in Section 10.7, have frequently been considered in terms of
Cu-Pb-Zn ratios as shown in Figure 10.21. Plimer (1978) has suggested that a trend in ore-type from Cu-dominant to Zn-dominant to Zn-Pb-dominant corresponds to a progression in time and distance from the volcanic Source (i.e., proximal to distal in nature). Jambor (1979) has enlarged on this theme and proposed a classification of the Bathurst-area (Canada) deposits based on their established or assumed displacement from feeder conduits (proximal versus distal) and position of sulfide crystallization (autochthonous versus allochthonous).
Although the ores of the volcanic deposits are members of a continuum, several specific ore types are observed most commonly; the following is a brief discussion of these ore types.
Pyritic (= Cyprus type) These ores, associated with ophiolite complexes are composed of massive banded to fragmental pyrite with small amounts of interstitial chalcopyrite and other base metal sulfides. The pyrite is present as friable masses of subhedral to euhedral, commonly zoned, grains, as colloform banded masses, and as framboids. Marcasite is admixed• with the pyrite and often appears to have replaced the pyrite. Chalcopyrite occurs as anhedral interstitial grains and as inclusions in the pyrite; sphaleritc occurs similarly but is less abun
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| From mining engineering |
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| From mining engineering |
•dant. Secondary covellite, digenite, chalcocite, and bornité occur as rims on, and along fractures in, pyrite and chalcopyrite.
Siliceous Ore (==Keiko-type of Kuroko Deposits) These ores apparently rep- resent feeder veins and stock works and consist primarily of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and quartz with only minor amounts of sphalerite, galena, and tetrahedrite. The pyrite occurs as euhedral grains, subhedral granular stringers, and colloform masses. The other minerals are minor and occur as anhedral interstitial grains in pyritic masses and gangue. Scttt (pers. commun., 1980) has noted that a black siliceous ore composed of sphalerite and galena is not uncommon in Kuroko de_ts.
Yellow Ore (=Oko-type of Kuroko Deposits) This ore type is characterized in both hand sample and polished section by the conspicuous yellow color resulting from the presence of chalcopyrite interstitial to the dominant euhedral to anhedral pyrite (Figure 10.22a). Minor amounts of sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, and lead sulfosalts and trace amounts of electrum are dispersed among the major sulfides. In unmetamorphosed bodies, the pyrite is often quite fine (<0.1 mm), but in metamorphosed ores pyrite commonly recrystallizes to form
euhedral grains which are several millimeters across. These ores and the black ores described later commonly exhibit extensively developed clastic textures that apparently formed at the time of ore deposition or immediately thereafter as a result of slumping.
Black Ore (Kuroko-type) The black ores (Figures 10.22b and 7.4c), the most complex of the common volcariogenic ore types, were so named because of the abundant dark sphalerite within them. Galena, barite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and tetrahedrite are common but subsidiary to the sphalerite. Bornite, electrum, lead sulfosalts, argentite, and a variety of silver sulfosalts are customary accessory minerals. The black ores are usually compact and massive but primary sedimentary banding is often visible and brecciated and colloform textures are not uncommon. In ores unmodified by metamorphism, pyrite occurs as framboids, rosettes, colloform bands, and dispersed euhedral to subhedral grains. Pyrite grain size increases during metamorphism but growth zoning is often visible either after conventional polishing or after etching. In polished sections, sphalerite appears as anhedral grains that frequently contain dispersed micron-sized inclusions of chalcopyrite. Barton (1978) has shown, by using doubly polished thin sections in transmitted light (see Figure 2.7) that this “chalcopyrite disease” consists of rods and thin vermicular, myrmekiticlike growths, probably formed through epitaxial growth or replacement. He has also shown the presence of growth-band’g and overgrowth textures in sphalerite and tetrahedrite. During metamorphism, the sphalerite is ccmmon1y recrystallized and homogenized, and the dispersed chalcopyrite is concentrated as grains or rims along sphalerite grain-boundaries.
 |
| From mining engineering |
to be continue..
CHINA CEMENTS PLACE AS WORLD'S TOP GOLD PRODUCER
Kristie Batten [http://www.miningnews.net] -- CHINA has outdone South Africa to be named the world’s top gold producer for the second year running, according to figures from the China Gold Association.
Chinese newspaper, the Shanghai Daily, reported that China’s gold production in 2008 increased 4.26% to 282 tonnes or just over 9.9 million ounces.
The provinces of Shandong, Henan and Jiangxi were the top three gold mining provinces, producing 46.4% of the country's total.
The Shandong province is home to Australian miner Sino Gold’s BioGold processing facility.
Investment in gold was also up, with the CGA reporting a 174.8% increase in trading volume on the Shanghai Gold Exchange to 868.39 billion yuan ($A194.63 billion).
Precious metals consultancy GFMS said global gold production in 2008 fell by 88 tonnes, reflecting lower production in South Africa, Indonesia and Australia, while the only countries to increase production were China and Russia.
GFMS estimated South Africa’s gold production in 2008 dropped by 14%.
South Africa has the world’s largest amount of gold reserves but the country’s gold mining industry has been steadily declining over the past decade.
According to the research report, Gold in South Africa, the nation’s gold production in 2006 accounted for 11.8% of new global mine supply, compared to more than 20% just 10 years earlier.
LINK : http://www.miningnews.net
Read More..
Chinese newspaper, the Shanghai Daily, reported that China’s gold production in 2008 increased 4.26% to 282 tonnes or just over 9.9 million ounces.
The provinces of Shandong, Henan and Jiangxi were the top three gold mining provinces, producing 46.4% of the country's total.
The Shandong province is home to Australian miner Sino Gold’s BioGold processing facility.
Investment in gold was also up, with the CGA reporting a 174.8% increase in trading volume on the Shanghai Gold Exchange to 868.39 billion yuan ($A194.63 billion).
Precious metals consultancy GFMS said global gold production in 2008 fell by 88 tonnes, reflecting lower production in South Africa, Indonesia and Australia, while the only countries to increase production were China and Russia.
GFMS estimated South Africa’s gold production in 2008 dropped by 14%.
South Africa has the world’s largest amount of gold reserves but the country’s gold mining industry has been steadily declining over the past decade.
According to the research report, Gold in South Africa, the nation’s gold production in 2006 accounted for 11.8% of new global mine supply, compared to more than 20% just 10 years earlier.
LINK : http://www.miningnews.net
Read More..
BOSTWANA SEES COAL ALETERNATIVE TO DIAMONDS
Allan Seccombe [http://www.miningmx.com] -- BOTSWANA will soon launch a study into a 1,500 km rail link from its multi- billion tonne coalfields to a port in Namibia as part of efforts to diversify the economy away from its heavy reliance on diamonds, said Kgomotso Abi, director of Botswana's mines.
Botswana has coal resources of 200 billion tonnes but of that only three to five billion tonnes can be economically mined, Abi told the McCloskey South African Coal Exports Conference.
"We have very limited capacity for coal consumption, so we are aiming for the export market and we are looking at the international market," he said.
"Coal has the potential to be to Botswana what diamonds currently are to the country. We are more than just a diamond producer. There is coal that will uplift the economy of the country and secure energy for the nation," he said.
Apart from the single largest mining company Morupule, which mines around a million tonnes per annum to mainly feed a power plant, there are no other major coal mines in the country.
CIC Energy and Aviva are both busy with projects to build mines to supply coal to dedicated power plants that will supply electricity to South Africa and the region. They are also looking at tapping the coal export markets.
CIC has spoken of exporting some 440 million tonnes over the 30-year life of the project.
To grow Botswana's coal sector, the government recognises it has to assist in putting in the infrastructure to get it out of the country, Abi said, adding the Botswana government has talked to their counterparts in Namibia and both recognise the importance of the railway.
"At this stage we have short listed companies to come up with some proposals so we can do a prefeasbility to see if there is a business case," he said.
There are six short-listed companies, which will be narrowed down ahead of the start of the eight-month-long study in May. The World Bank is funding the study.
Dave Rennie, CEO of Grindrod's Freight Services Division, estimated it costs around $4m to build one kilometre of railway, putting the cost of the Namibian option, depending on whether the Luderitz or Walvis Bay ports are used, at some $6bn.
There is no existing railway crossing the Kalahari so it would be a completely new railway. The selected Namibian port would also need to build a new coal terminal.
Other options are for Botswana's coal to travel east to either South Africa's Richards Bay or Mozambique's Matola port in the capital Maputo. There could potentially be a new port called Ponto do Belo in southern Mozambique once Matola has reached its capacity, Rennie told delegates.
There are existing rail links, requiring relatively small investments to link the Botswana coal fields to the South African infrastructure and, if Mozambique is utilised, upgrading the railway to carry heavier loads.
Matola can handle four million tonnes. This will be increased to six million tonnes in the next couple of years and then upped to 16 million tonnes.
Rennie also referred to the Moatize coalfields in Mozambique, investigating the options to export coking and thermal coal. These are the ports of the shallow Beira, which needs dredging and terminal upgrades at a total cost of some $100m, and the more distant Nacala.
"I think both (dredging and terminal upgrade) will start his year. By September next year they should be ready with the railway line," he said. The 665 km line is undergoing an upgrade at a cost of $400m and it should be able to handle eight million tonnes a year.
It will take another $250m to upgrade the line to a capacity of 18 million tonnes a year. Investment of $300m would be needed to increase the capacity at the harbour to handle that tonnage, Rennie said.
The Mozambique government reckons the Moatize coal fields can supply 40 million tonnes a year from a resource of 3.6 billion tonnes. If all the tenements that have been issued come into production, it estimates $30bn will be added to the economy.
link http://www.miningmx.com
Read More..
Botswana has coal resources of 200 billion tonnes but of that only three to five billion tonnes can be economically mined, Abi told the McCloskey South African Coal Exports Conference.
"We have very limited capacity for coal consumption, so we are aiming for the export market and we are looking at the international market," he said.
"Coal has the potential to be to Botswana what diamonds currently are to the country. We are more than just a diamond producer. There is coal that will uplift the economy of the country and secure energy for the nation," he said.
Apart from the single largest mining company Morupule, which mines around a million tonnes per annum to mainly feed a power plant, there are no other major coal mines in the country.
CIC Energy and Aviva are both busy with projects to build mines to supply coal to dedicated power plants that will supply electricity to South Africa and the region. They are also looking at tapping the coal export markets.
CIC has spoken of exporting some 440 million tonnes over the 30-year life of the project.
To grow Botswana's coal sector, the government recognises it has to assist in putting in the infrastructure to get it out of the country, Abi said, adding the Botswana government has talked to their counterparts in Namibia and both recognise the importance of the railway.
"At this stage we have short listed companies to come up with some proposals so we can do a prefeasbility to see if there is a business case," he said.
There are six short-listed companies, which will be narrowed down ahead of the start of the eight-month-long study in May. The World Bank is funding the study.
Dave Rennie, CEO of Grindrod's Freight Services Division, estimated it costs around $4m to build one kilometre of railway, putting the cost of the Namibian option, depending on whether the Luderitz or Walvis Bay ports are used, at some $6bn.
There is no existing railway crossing the Kalahari so it would be a completely new railway. The selected Namibian port would also need to build a new coal terminal.
Other options are for Botswana's coal to travel east to either South Africa's Richards Bay or Mozambique's Matola port in the capital Maputo. There could potentially be a new port called Ponto do Belo in southern Mozambique once Matola has reached its capacity, Rennie told delegates.
There are existing rail links, requiring relatively small investments to link the Botswana coal fields to the South African infrastructure and, if Mozambique is utilised, upgrading the railway to carry heavier loads.
Matola can handle four million tonnes. This will be increased to six million tonnes in the next couple of years and then upped to 16 million tonnes.
Rennie also referred to the Moatize coalfields in Mozambique, investigating the options to export coking and thermal coal. These are the ports of the shallow Beira, which needs dredging and terminal upgrades at a total cost of some $100m, and the more distant Nacala.
"I think both (dredging and terminal upgrade) will start his year. By September next year they should be ready with the railway line," he said. The 665 km line is undergoing an upgrade at a cost of $400m and it should be able to handle eight million tonnes a year.
It will take another $250m to upgrade the line to a capacity of 18 million tonnes a year. Investment of $300m would be needed to increase the capacity at the harbour to handle that tonnage, Rennie said.
The Mozambique government reckons the Moatize coal fields can supply 40 million tonnes a year from a resource of 3.6 billion tonnes. If all the tenements that have been issued come into production, it estimates $30bn will be added to the economy.
link http://www.miningmx.com
Read More..
SOUTH AFRICAN GOLD MINE
Mining for gold in a South African underground mine. Footage from Gold! The History of Man's Greatest Obsession.
link : http://www.infomine.com/
or you can see this video too at
http://www.youtube.com
Other video about Mining
Underground Gold mine
Modern Day Gold Rush
Sluice Box Gold Mining
Gold Prospecting Placer Equipment Read More..
link : http://www.infomine.com/
or you can see this video too at
http://www.youtube.com
Other video about Mining
Underground Gold mine
Modern Day Gold Rush
Sluice Box Gold Mining
Gold Prospecting Placer Equipment Read More..
Thursday, February 5, 2009
GOLDER EXPANDS COASTAL ENGINEERING EXPERTISE
Redmond, WA - Golder Associates Inc. has acquired the coastal engineering group and associated assets of Edmonds-based Pacific International Engineering.
Operating out of Golder's 150-employee Redmond office, the team of engineers provides services pertaining to coasts, coastal inlets, estuaries and river deltas including navigation and dredging, wake analysis, ocean energy, beach protection and restoration, geomorphology, oceanographic data collection and wave, tidal, and sediment modeling.
The new team augments Golder's core technical capabilities in geotechnical engineering, geophysics, environmental engineering, compliance and remediation. With nearly 40 percent of the global population residing within 50 km of a coast, threatened marine ecosystems and pressures imposed by climate change, the need for engineering and environmental services tailored to coastal and marine environments is significantly increasing.
The group is especially known for assessing the effects of ship hydrodynamics on shorelines in confined waterways. They have conducted unique studies both locally and internationally that have revolutionized the analysis of the interactions between ship and shore. Impact modeling tools developed as a result of their work are already in use to study passenger ferry operations in environmentally sensitive areas of Washington State's Puget Sound.
Phil Osborne, senior consultant and coastal scientist leading the new Golder group says, "Our technical skills and experience support and strengthen a number of Golder's services to clients in the water resources, pipelines, oil & gas, energy, and transportation industries." This includes services for offshore platforms and pile-supported structures, submerged pipelines, sub-sea cable installations, waterfront developments, and ship and port operations.
# # #
Golder Associates Inc. is the U.S. operating company of Golder Associates, a global group of consulting companies specializing in ground engineering and environmental services. Golder Associates is employee owned and has experienced steady growth since its formation in 1960. More than 7,000 people operate in local companies in offices across Africa, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America. Golder has been recognized by independent media organizations as a quality place to work by winning "Best Employer to Work For" awards in Australia, Canada, South Africa and the U.S, and consistently ranks high in Engineering News Record and other trade publications.
link : http://www.golder.com
Read More..
Operating out of Golder's 150-employee Redmond office, the team of engineers provides services pertaining to coasts, coastal inlets, estuaries and river deltas including navigation and dredging, wake analysis, ocean energy, beach protection and restoration, geomorphology, oceanographic data collection and wave, tidal, and sediment modeling.
The new team augments Golder's core technical capabilities in geotechnical engineering, geophysics, environmental engineering, compliance and remediation. With nearly 40 percent of the global population residing within 50 km of a coast, threatened marine ecosystems and pressures imposed by climate change, the need for engineering and environmental services tailored to coastal and marine environments is significantly increasing.
The group is especially known for assessing the effects of ship hydrodynamics on shorelines in confined waterways. They have conducted unique studies both locally and internationally that have revolutionized the analysis of the interactions between ship and shore. Impact modeling tools developed as a result of their work are already in use to study passenger ferry operations in environmentally sensitive areas of Washington State's Puget Sound.
Phil Osborne, senior consultant and coastal scientist leading the new Golder group says, "Our technical skills and experience support and strengthen a number of Golder's services to clients in the water resources, pipelines, oil & gas, energy, and transportation industries." This includes services for offshore platforms and pile-supported structures, submerged pipelines, sub-sea cable installations, waterfront developments, and ship and port operations.
# # #
Golder Associates Inc. is the U.S. operating company of Golder Associates, a global group of consulting companies specializing in ground engineering and environmental services. Golder Associates is employee owned and has experienced steady growth since its formation in 1960. More than 7,000 people operate in local companies in offices across Africa, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America. Golder has been recognized by independent media organizations as a quality place to work by winning "Best Employer to Work For" awards in Australia, Canada, South Africa and the U.S, and consistently ranks high in Engineering News Record and other trade publications.
link : http://www.golder.com
Read More..
URGENTLY REQUIRED
MITRAIS, PTUrgently Required
Mitrais is the leading supplier of technology solutions to the Indonesian Mining Industry.
We are looking for Mining Engineers to join our consulting team. The ideal candidate must have minimum 3 years experience with a mining company. The ideal candidate should have solid experience in Mine Planning and Mine Operation scope of works by utilizing Mine Planning softwares & computer systems such as Minescape, Minex, Surpac, etc.
Mining Engineering Consultant
APPLY NOW
General Requirements for the position:
- A relevant degree (S1/Bachelor) from a reputable University with GPA of 2.75 or above.
- Good English proficiency
- Solid experience in Mine Planning and Mine Operation scope of works by utilizing Mine Planning softwares & computer systems such as Minescape, Minex, Surpac, etc.
General Conditions for the position:
- Competitive salary
- All promotions are based on merit and are based on our Competency System.
- Positions are based in Jakarta with travel to client sites.
An attractive remuneration package will be offered to the right candidates.
Please note that we will only accept online applications at:
http://careers.mitrais.com/default.aspx
(Note: Only short-listed candidates will be notified)
link : http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Jobs/Mining/?PostID=200211
Read More..
Mitrais is the leading supplier of technology solutions to the Indonesian Mining Industry.
We are looking for Mining Engineers to join our consulting team. The ideal candidate must have minimum 3 years experience with a mining company. The ideal candidate should have solid experience in Mine Planning and Mine Operation scope of works by utilizing Mine Planning softwares & computer systems such as Minescape, Minex, Surpac, etc.
Mining Engineering Consultant
APPLY NOW
General Requirements for the position:
- A relevant degree (S1/Bachelor) from a reputable University with GPA of 2.75 or above.
- Good English proficiency
- Solid experience in Mine Planning and Mine Operation scope of works by utilizing Mine Planning softwares & computer systems such as Minescape, Minex, Surpac, etc.
General Conditions for the position:
- Competitive salary
- All promotions are based on merit and are based on our Competency System.
- Positions are based in Jakarta with travel to client sites.
An attractive remuneration package will be offered to the right candidates.
Please note that we will only accept online applications at:
http://careers.mitrais.com/default.aspx
(Note: Only short-listed candidates will be notified)
link : http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Jobs/Mining/?PostID=200211
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Wednesday, February 4, 2009
QUARTZ TEXTURE
QUARTZ TEXTURES - POTENTIAL CLUES TO POSITION AND OR PROCESS IN LS SYSTEMS
Primary Growth Textures : Chalcedonic, Saccharoidal,Comb,Zoned Crystals, Colloform, Crustiform
Recrystallisation Textures : Moss, micro plumose
Replacement Textures : Mold, Bladed
Aqueous silica concentrations are directly influenced by presence of solid silica phases (AMORPHOUS / CHALCEDONY / QUARTZ) and temperature. In long lived systems quartz controls silica solubility >1800C and chalcedony controls silica solubility <900C to 1400C.
Buchanan/Morrison/Corbett & Leach
Buckskin Mt
Broadlands Geothermal
Vera Nancy - Textural Para genesis
Champagne Pool and sinter
Champagne Pool, Amorphous silica /mineralized ooze
80 ppm Au
175 ppm Ag
2%As
2%Sb
320 ppm Tl
170 ppm Hg
Sinter - Waiotapu NZ
BANDING AND SEDIMENTARY TEXTURES IN VEINS
Simpson et al 1995 describe apparent sedimentary textures such as grading of sulphides/quartz plus ripple marks in banded vertical veins at Golden Cross NZ.
Banding within the quartz veins is primarily a result of variation in quartz grain size. Sulphide minerals and kaolinite are most abundant in fine grained quartz bands that may have been deposited in an amorphous silica state.
These NZ workers interpret observed textures in the following way.
System pressure is breached by fault dilation or hydrothermal eruption resulting in amorphous silica saturation of a rapidly moving fluid. This event is accompanied by upward surge of sulphide rich fluid from deeper in the system. As system pressure resumes via mineral deposition in veins, temperature increases and silica saturation levels return toward quartz. Eventually the higher T/P system deposits sulphide barren quartz from more slowly moving fluid.
Repeated system rupturing leads to formation of banded veins.
USEFUL TEXTURES
Sinter- marks paleo-surface and paleo-water table. Textures distinguish from silicified tuff or lake sediment. NB. no Sinter in HS environment.
Chalcedony - low temperature silica (120o-200oC) usually at shallow depths above an up flow zone and possibly overlying mineralization.
Colloform banding -in chalcedonic quartz-kidney like or rounded external surface from original silica gel. Close association with ore. Downgrade potential if these textures don’t carry grade.
Crystalline quartz -usually occurs in deeper/ hotter part of system at > 180oC though the temperature overlap between quartz and chalcedony means both can occur in same part of a vein. Crystalline Quartz alone likely indicates hot/deep environment > 250oC.
Drusy cavities - void spaces partly filled with terminated crystals (calcite or quartz) are commonly last vestiges of hydrothermal activity.
Lattice textures are indicative of boiling conditions.
Cockade and comb textures - indicate open space filling.
BY CAREFUL OBSERVATION A GREAT DEAL CAN BE LEARNT ABOUT PROCESSES OPERATING AND LIKELY SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS TO ORE.
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Read More..
Primary Growth Textures : Chalcedonic, Saccharoidal,Comb,Zoned Crystals, Colloform, Crustiform
Recrystallisation Textures : Moss, micro plumose
Replacement Textures : Mold, Bladed
Aqueous silica concentrations are directly influenced by presence of solid silica phases (AMORPHOUS / CHALCEDONY / QUARTZ) and temperature. In long lived systems quartz controls silica solubility >1800C and chalcedony controls silica solubility <900C to 1400C.
Buchanan/Morrison/Corbett & Leach
 |
| From mining engineering |
Buckskin Mt
 |
| From mining engineering |
Broadlands Geothermal
 |
| From mining engineering |
Vera Nancy - Textural Para genesis
 |
| From mining engineering |
Champagne Pool and sinter
 |
| From mining engineering |
Champagne Pool, Amorphous silica /mineralized ooze
 |
| From mining engineering |
80 ppm Au
175 ppm Ag
2%As
2%Sb
320 ppm Tl
170 ppm Hg
Sinter - Waiotapu NZ
 |
| From mining engineering |
BANDING AND SEDIMENTARY TEXTURES IN VEINS
Simpson et al 1995 describe apparent sedimentary textures such as grading of sulphides/quartz plus ripple marks in banded vertical veins at Golden Cross NZ.
Banding within the quartz veins is primarily a result of variation in quartz grain size. Sulphide minerals and kaolinite are most abundant in fine grained quartz bands that may have been deposited in an amorphous silica state.
These NZ workers interpret observed textures in the following way.
System pressure is breached by fault dilation or hydrothermal eruption resulting in amorphous silica saturation of a rapidly moving fluid. This event is accompanied by upward surge of sulphide rich fluid from deeper in the system. As system pressure resumes via mineral deposition in veins, temperature increases and silica saturation levels return toward quartz. Eventually the higher T/P system deposits sulphide barren quartz from more slowly moving fluid.
Repeated system rupturing leads to formation of banded veins.
USEFUL TEXTURES
Sinter- marks paleo-surface and paleo-water table. Textures distinguish from silicified tuff or lake sediment. NB. no Sinter in HS environment.
Chalcedony - low temperature silica (120o-200oC) usually at shallow depths above an up flow zone and possibly overlying mineralization.
Colloform banding -in chalcedonic quartz-kidney like or rounded external surface from original silica gel. Close association with ore. Downgrade potential if these textures don’t carry grade.
Crystalline quartz -usually occurs in deeper/ hotter part of system at > 180oC though the temperature overlap between quartz and chalcedony means both can occur in same part of a vein. Crystalline Quartz alone likely indicates hot/deep environment > 250oC.
Drusy cavities - void spaces partly filled with terminated crystals (calcite or quartz) are commonly last vestiges of hydrothermal activity.
Lattice textures are indicative of boiling conditions.
Cockade and comb textures - indicate open space filling.
BY CAREFUL OBSERVATION A GREAT DEAL CAN BE LEARNT ABOUT PROCESSES OPERATING AND LIKELY SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS TO ORE.
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GEOCHEMISTRY
WATER SURVEYS
Even very ancient history books refer to mineral prospecting by qualitative testing of water from seeps, springs, streams, wells and bores. However, two basic problems have hindered quantitative analysis in water samples in modern geochemical prospecting. The first problem (is that the concentration levels of indicator elements in natural water samples very low (generally a few ppb), thereby posing both analytical difficulties and a serious risk contamination during processing of samples ( glass or plastic containers and suspended particles can either contribute elements to or subtract elements from the sample unless Suitable. precautions are taken). The second problem is that the chemistry of natural water is very sensitive to weather conditions and to its local environment. Consequently, geochemists have shown an understandable reluctance to use water samples in exploration. However, recent analytical advances have made it feasible to detect suitable indicators by using practical sample sizes of 100-500m1 of water (samples are generally concentrated by evaporation or solvent extraction prior to analysis), and refined interpretation techniques have reduced the difficulties of interpreting water chemistry. This has stimulated interest in stream and lake water sampling in glaciated terrains and groundwater sampling in arid terrains. Much of the attention centers on U, but other types of deposits can be sought A paper by Boyle et al. (1971) has reviewed the theory and practice of hydro geochemical methods, although with special reference to Canadian applications. It describes sound methods of sampling and interpretation and points out many of the pitfalls. Although the methods have received little attention in Canada, because of a widespread belief that sediment sampling is more effective, the authors predicted that there is scope for increasing use of hydro geochemical methods in both reconnaissance and detailed exploration. The Canadian Geological Survey has since embarked on large scale experiments with sampling of lake water and sediment. A general review of the applications of hydro geochemistry to the search for base metals has been published by Miller (1979) and brief summary comments on the use of water samples specifically in Australia have been made by Mann (1980). EXAMPLES Brundin & Nairis (1972) investigated the relative effectiveness of sediment sampling, organic matter sampling and water sampling in northern Sweden. Their results indicated that in that glacial terrain the best information was obtained by sampling organic matter in the streams. However, both water sampling and organic matter sampling were found to be equally as good as sediment sampling for regional prospecting for Mo and Zn. Both water samples and organic samples were found to be more suitable than stream sediments in regional prospecting for U. It must be noted that the Swedish investigation was prompted by disadvantages of stream sediment sampling in glacial terrains (mainly lack of suitable sediment over long distances in streams, and widely ranging contents of scavenger substances) so that it would be wrong to assume that under Australian climatic conditions, stream sediment sampling would necessarily be less effective than water or organic matter sampling. However, the findings of Brundin & Nairis may well be relevant to prospecting in southern New Zealand. They also bear testing in any region where stream sediment sampling is difficult; for example, in New Guinea the rugged topography and high rainfall cause so much flushing of streams that collection of even sand-sized sediment is difficult. Water samples would certainly be easier to collect, if it can be demonstrated that they are effective samples in that region.. Experiments have been conducted on the use of stream water samples in non-glaciated terrain but in general there is less justification, and stream sediment sampling remains more economical and results can be interpreted more confidently. One notable exception to this generalization is the analysis of F in stream water in search of fluorite of Sn deposits. Field determinations of F present at low concentrations in stream water can be made in the field using a fluoride ion sensitive electrode which is similar in size and operation to a pH meter. Despite the fragile nature of the electrode, useful results have been obtained under fully operational conditions in rugged high rainfall terrain in Australia. In arid regions where there is inadequate drainage for sediment or stream water survey sand unsuitable overburden for soil sampling the choice for geochemical sampling shrinks to bedrock or groundwater. Bedrock dispersion patterns are generally small and collection of samples may necessitate expensive drilling. On the other hand, water samples collected from bores sunk for domestic or stock use are available cheaply and may delineate large hydromorphic anomalies which subsequently can be examined in detail by bedrock sampling or by water sampling of prospecting boreholes sunk on a grid pattern. The paucity of literature on groundwater sampling conveys a fake impression of inactivity. Numerous surveys have been conducted for U, V, Cu, Pb, Zn and other elements but without conspicuous success. In many cases it is not clear whether failure can be attributed to lack of mineralization or failure to detect mineralization. More care is needed to interpret anomalies in water than in rock, soil or sediment because anomalies are generally of low contrast and need to be interpreted by refined procedures, such as regression analyses, which take into account important factors such as pH, Eh, temperature, associated soluble species, etc, which compete to control the abundance of any given indicator element. Trost & Trautwein (1975) investigated Eh, pH, conductivity, Mo, SO. and other trace elements in groundwater samples collected from wells in a. porphyry Cu area in Arizona. Mo was found to increase in the vicinity of mineralization and a high ratio Mo/conductivity was suggested as a useful indicator of mineralization. Previous studies by Huff (1970) had also indicated Mo anomalies in groundwater near porphyry Cu but Cu itself was found to be useless as an indicator. One documented example of water sampling which led to discovery of additional mineralization is a spring water sampling program in the southwest Wisconsin area of the Mississippi Valley Pb-Zn district (De Geoffroy et at. 1968; De Geoffroy & Wu, 1970). An area of about 2250 km2 was investigated using 7210 water samples in which the Zn content ranged between 0.03 and 3.50 ppm. The method of interpretation was based on examination of regional variation trends and residual components. It outlined 122 target areas, 42 of which are known to contain Zn deposits. By l970theflrst5of thereniaining80targets, not associated with known deposits, had been tested by drilling (DeGeoffroy & Wu, 1970). Zn mineralization of commercial grade was intersected in several drill holes in each of the 5 targets. Two recent contributions from the U.S.S.R. also indicate activity in groundwater sampling (Kraynov, 1971; Naumov et at. 1972). Both papers highlight the need for careful interpretation of “anomalies’ The paper by Naumov et at. (1972) is particularly important in providing a. critical discussion of the behavior of Cu, Bi, Ag, Pb, Zn and SO in groundwater surrounding deposits in a desert area. Bi and Zn proved to be far superior to the other elements in producing large and discernible dispersion patterns,. Sulphate abundance in either surface or groundwater's has been proposed frequently as a potential indication of oxidizing sulphide deposits. A method proposed by Dall’Aglio & Tonani (1973) for discriminating between SOt produced by oxidizing suiphides and that attributable marine sources (e.g., gypsum) may prove quite important. Their method consists of plotting or regressing SO versus Ca or Cl to distinguish stream water samples containing more SOt than can be accounted for by derivation from sedimentary sulphate sources. Similar methods of interpretation of SOt content in groundwater collected from sulphide mineralized, but gypsies, arid terrain in Australia is claimed to show promising results. It is apparent that there has been interest and activity in Australia in using water sampling for U prospecting. Some comments and results are given by Mann (1980) and Deutscher et at. (1979). The most conventional procedure in U prospecting is radiometric surveying. Whilst this is a fast, simple procedure, it is limited in its application by the fact that gamma radiation can penetrate only a thin blanket of overburden or water. One solution to this problem is to prospect radio metrically for Rn gas. However, gaseous Rn diffusion is prevented by regions of groundwater saturation (Andrews & Wood, 1972). Therefore, analysis of groundwater (or stream water fed by groundwater) for U or Rn has the potential to reveal more deeply concealed U mineralization than can be detected by surface radio metric surveying. Bowie et at. (1971), Andrews & Wood (1972), Brundin & Nairis (1973) and Michie et al. (1973) all regard analysis of stream waters as a valid prospecting medium for U mineralization. Wenrich-Verbeek (1977) published a very informative study of the behavior of U and coexisting elements in surface waters and associated sediments with various sampling techniques used for U exploration. She includes the following important recommendations: 1. water samples should be filtered at the time of collection and acidified. 2. conductivity measurements should be made and used to normalize U determinations for evaporation and dilution effects related to steam discharge rates. 3. sediments intended for U analysis should be sieved to yield a very fine fraction (less than170 mesh). 4. U anomalies in water are not necessarily reflected in stream sediments, and vice versa, so sampling of both water and sediment is recommended. Using similar reasoning to that applied to Rn, Clarke & Kugler (1973) claimed that near.. surface sampling of natural waters followed by mass spectrometric analysis for He isotopes also may be a valid prospecting method for U and Th deposits. Their recommendation was. based on tests of water from drill holes near known U deposits; total He enriched near mineralization. It is now feasible to perform the analyses in the field at threat of about 100 samples per day using a truck mounted spectrometer (Reirner et at. 1979),,L Most of the known areas of unmineralization in Australia occur in arid or semi-arid regions and, therefore, stream water sampling may be of limited benefit. However, because of their lack of surface water these arid regions often contain numerous deep bores which: should be of prime interest for water samples in regional prospecting. It has been realized, presumably retrospectively, that several of the U prospects contain water bores with anomalously high U contents. An alternative to direct collection of water for U analysis is the use of a collector device, such as an ion exchange resin. The field use of a resin has the following advantages: Consequently, Parslow & Dwairi (1977) designed and tested resin packages suitable for field use. The packages are resin-filled tea bags and values of as little as 0.1 ppb U in water can be detected with care. Some groundwater sampling for Cu (Rattigan et al. 1977) has been conducted by Pacminex on the Stuart Shelf using a cylinder and ball valve sampling tool lowered down bore holes but confident interpretation of the results was not achieved. Most of the data related to Cu and Zn but some samples were analyzed also for Pb and U. Cu contents as high as 580 ppb were encountered in formation waters in unmineralized terrain in contrast to values as low as 98 ppb near the Cattle Grid Cu deposit. A variation on the theme of water sampling which is of no practical interest in Australia (if anywhere) is provided by a paper on snow geochemical sampling (Jonasson & Allan, 1973). They demonstrated contents of Cu as high as 161 ppm and Zn up to 53 ppm in snow samples overlying mineralization. The evidence suggests that these metals have diffused into the snow ionically via capillary water. Whereas this observation is of little practical concern, it is surprising to note that extensive hydro geochemical dispersion continues even under apparently frozen conditions. SAMPLING METHODS AND GENERAL COMMENTS Some points to be taken into consideration in using water samples are as follows: For example, in sampling wells or boreholes care must be taken to flush pumps,pipes, casings, etc. In all cases the sample containers should be rinsed thoroughly with dilute acid then metal-free water; they should be finally rinsed at least three times at the sample collection point, using the water intended for sampling. Despite its apparent homogeneity to the eye, water is just as prone to layering and incomplete mixing as any other geological material. 5. the temperature, pH, Eli, degree of aeration, rate of flow, amount of suspended matter, etc. should be noted at each sample point. 6. any samples which are to be compared must be collected in a short time interval to minimize variation in response to climatic factors. 7. it is necessary to filter the water through a O.45m filter during collection and possibly to acidify it prior to storage. 8. there is a finite storage life for many indicator elements in bottled samples so analyses should be made promptly. 9. the quantity required is between 500 mI and 2 liters of water acidified with 1-2 mis of metal-free HC1 — in order to permit gravimetric analysis of SO and atomic absorption analysis of the metals after solvent extraction. Samples of this size are bulky and the cost of analysis is about three times as great as that for sediment or soil samples. Some analysts are prepared to work with less and specific analyses may require no more than a few ml; for example, analysis of U in water by neutron activation requires only 1-5m1 of sample (Bowie et al. 1971). 10. an ion exchange resin may be substituted for an actual water sample in some circumstances. A guide to the type of abundances encountered is given in Table 28 which is extracted from information published by Boyle etaL (1967) in connection with orientation experiments in prospecting for Ag veins (which include Ni-Co arsenide's, and Pb, Zn, Cu and Bi minerals) in the Cobalt area of Ontario. Table 28. Examples of the chemistry of water samples from cobalt, Ontario (adapted from Boyle et al., 1967) *All elements are expressed in parts per billion (ppb). 1 Moderately flowing clear water from drill hole in Ag mine. 2 Groundwater from fault in Ag mine. 3 Clear well water from diabase. 4 Clear well water from diabase, H2S smell. 5 Clear water from old Ag mine shaft in Keewatin pillow lava. 6 Clear spring water from Keewatin pillow lava. 7 Rapidly flowing clear surface water on diabase. A more generalized table of the most frequently encountered and maximum contents of 26 indicator elements in supergene waters has been presented by Shvartsev et al. (1975) and reproduced by Miller (1979). Finally, general impressions are that water sampling has not been widely applied but has produced useful results in some cases. The most readily useful indicator elements for appropriate mineral deposits appear to be U, V, Rn, He, Mo, Zn, Bi, F and SO. Results obtained using Cu and Pb, two indicators commonly used in other forms of geochemical sampling, seem to be difficult to interpret. Certainly the results of water surveys are likely to demand refined interpretation methods, since many factors interplay to modify the abundance of an indicator element after it enters the water system. With care a wider range of indicator elements may prove useful in the future — including Ag, As, Be, Co, Ni, Sn and W REFERENCES ANDREWS, J.N. & WOOD, D.F., 1972. Mechanism of radon release in rock matrices and entry into groundwater's. Trans. Inst. Mm. Metal!., 81, B 206-209. BOWIE, S.H.U., OSTLE, D. & BALL, T.K., 1971. Geochemical methods in the detection of hidden uranium deposits. C.LM Spec. VoL 11, -103-111. BOYLE, R.W., DASS, A.S., CHURCH, D., MIHAILOV, G., DURHAM, C., LYNCH, J. & DYCK, W, 1967. Research in geochemical prospecting methods for native silver deposits, Cobalt area, Ontario, 1966. Ceo!. Surv. Canada Paper 67-35.
Tuesday, February 3, 2009
COAL PROCESS
Why the Coal Have To Be Cleaned?
to fulfill the conditions which asked for by consumer :
- Feed (ash) 25%
- Dusty (ash) <12%
- Sulfur
High Sulfur (HS) 1.0% - 1.4%
Medium Sulfur (MS) 0.8% - 1.0%
Low Sulfur (LS) < 0.8%
- (Total Moisture) <10%
Process coal dissociation in JIG.
• ROM stock
• Hopper (-1000mm)
• Feeder breaker
• Crusher 01(-100mm)
• Conveyor 01
• Source Bin (250ton)
• Conveyor 03
• Baum Jig
- Product
- Reject
Product
• Screen 01&02
• Conveyor 04&05
• Crusher 02 (-50mm)
• Conveyor 06
• Product Bin (150ton)
Fine Product (1mm)
• Sump 01
• Cyclon 01
• Spiral
- Product
*Sump 02→Cyclon02→Conveyor04
- Midling
*Sump 01→Cyclon01→Spiral
- Tailling
* Thickener→Tailling dump
Reject
• Bucket elevator primer & Sekunder
• Conveyor07
• Reject bin (100ton)
Baum Jig Principle Separation
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to fulfill the conditions which asked for by consumer :
- Feed (ash) 25%
- Dusty (ash) <12%
- Sulfur
High Sulfur (HS) 1.0% - 1.4%
Medium Sulfur (MS) 0.8% - 1.0%
Low Sulfur (LS) < 0.8%
- (Total Moisture) <10%
Process coal dissociation in JIG.
• ROM stock
• Hopper (-1000mm)
• Feeder breaker
• Crusher 01(-100mm)
• Conveyor 01
• Source Bin (250ton)
• Conveyor 03
• Baum Jig
- Product
- Reject
Product
• Screen 01&02
• Conveyor 04&05
• Crusher 02 (-50mm)
• Conveyor 06
• Product Bin (150ton)
Fine Product (1mm)
• Sump 01
• Cyclon 01
• Spiral
- Product
*Sump 02→Cyclon02→Conveyor04
- Midling
*Sump 01→Cyclon01→Spiral
- Tailling
* Thickener→Tailling dump
Reject
• Bucket elevator primer & Sekunder
• Conveyor07
• Reject bin (100ton)
Baum Jig Principle Separation
Read More..
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